Seonjo was the 14th king of the Joseon Dynasty, reigning from 1567 to 1608. Emphasizing Neo-Confucianism, he advanced scholarship and administrative systems, but factional strife among bureaucrats intensified during the latter half of his reign. His greatest ordeal was the Japanese invasion of Korea that began in 1592, during which he lost the capital city of Hanseong and fled north, resisting alongside Ming relief forces, Korean regular troops, and righteous armies (guerrilla forces). His political decisions and appointments during the war remain a topic of historical debate. Although he worked on post-war reconstruction, major challenges remained regarding royal authority and political order.

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