The 10th emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1487 to 1505. Born as the son of the Chenghua Emperor, he grew up in secrecy to protect himself from the powerful faction of Noble Consort Wan, his father's favorite. Guided by Confucian ideals, he devoted himself to politics, working to reduce tax burdens and government expenditure, improve the bureaucratic system, and refine the legal code. His reign is known for the smooth cooperation between the emperor and officials, a period often referred to as the Hongzhi Restoration. In foreign policy, he tended to avoid large-scale expeditions, though military interventions were conducted over Hami in the west and in suppressing domestic rebellions.

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