The ninth monarch of the Safavid dynasty, ruling Iran from 1694 to 1722. Succeeding his father Suleiman I, the latter half of his reign saw severe escalations in regional rebellions, financial difficulties, and the decline of military power. At court, the influence of Shia clerics increased, and religious pressures on Sufi orders, Sunnis, Jews, and Christians intensified. In 1709, the rebellion of Mirwais Hotak broke out in Kandahar, and in 1722, an Afghan army led by Mahmud Hotak besieged the capital Isfahan. Sultan Hossein surrendered and abdicated that same year, causing the collapse of the Safavid dynasty's effective rule. After becoming a prisoner, he was executed in 1727 by order of Ashraf Hotak, who had intervened in the political situation of Iran prior to the Afsharid dynasty.

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