British politician who became a principal leader of the Conservative Party and served twice as Prime Minister (1834–1835 and 1841–1846). Regarded as one of the founders of the modern British Conservative Party, he transformed traditional Toryism into reformist conservatism through the Tamworth Manifesto. Serving as Home Secretary, he founded the Metropolitan Police, laying the foundations of the modern police system. He pursued wide-ranging reforms including Catholic Emancipation, criminal law reform, electoral reform, free trade, the income tax, and the Factory Acts. In particular, the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 marked a major turning point toward free trade. However, this policy split the Conservative Party and led to the formation of the Peelites. He was a politician who profoundly influenced both conservatism and liberalism in 19th-century Britain.

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