British politician, Conservative Party leader, and novelist. One of the defining statesmen of the Victorian era, he served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in 1868 and from 1874 to 1880. He played a crucial role in modernising the British Conservative Party and shaping "One Nation Conservatism." Born into a Jewish family, Disraeli became a Christian in his childhood when his father converted to the Church of England. He was the first person of Jewish birth to become British Prime Minister and was also known for his close relationship with Queen Victoria. During his second ministry, he elevated the international standing of the British Empire by purchasing shares in the Suez Canal Company, establishing the Indian Empire, and participating in the Congress of Berlin. Conversely, conflicts in Afghanistan and South Africa drew increasing criticism toward his administration, leading to the Conservative defeat in the 1880 general election.

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