British nurse, social reformer, and statistician, regarded as one of the founders of modern nursing and modern nursing education. Born into a wealthy family, she chose the path of nursing—which had low social standing at the time—and studied nursing in Germany and France. During the Crimean War, she was sent to Scutari in the Ottoman Empire, where her reforms of the health conditions and nursing care in military hospitals made her widely known as "The Lady with the Lamp." Upon returning to Britain, she advocated for medical and sanitary administrative reform using statistics, establishing the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St Thomas' Hospital in London in 1860. She authored "Notes on Nursing," which greatly influenced the professionalisation of nursing, and worked toward sanitary reform in the British Army and India, hospital systems, and public health improvements. She is also famous for visualising statistical data using pie charts and polar area diagrams, making her a pioneer of modern statistical healthcare policy.

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