Holy Roman Emperor from the House of Habsburg. He served as emperor from 1576 to 1612, while also holding the titles of King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, and Archduke of Austria. In 1583, he moved the Imperial Court from Vienna to Prague, developing Prague into a vibrant center for art, science, and learning. He invited Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler to his court to support astronomy, and collected and protected works by artists such as Albrecht Dürer, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, and Bartholomäus Spranger. He also held a deep interest in alchemy, astrology, natural sciences, and collecting curiosities, becoming an important patron of Rudolfine Mannerism. On the other hand, he lost his ability to govern effectively due to the Long Turkish War with the Ottoman Empire and conflicts with his younger brother Matthias, ultimately ceding most of his actual power to his brother in his later years.

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