The Holy Roman Empire in the Age of Discovery
Roman Empire
During the Age of Discovery, the Holy Roman Empire served as a central political, economic, and cultural realm in Europe. Although it did not lead direct overseas colonial expeditions like Portugal or Spain, its merchants, bankers, and scholars played pivotal roles in funding oceanic voyages, mapping new territories, and integrating global trade networks. Dynastic alliances, particularly under the House of Habsburg, linked the empire to vast overseas empires while managing internal religious Reformation conflicts, administrative reforms, and geopolitical struggles across the European continent.
People
Birth
Death
Origin
Age (Death)
| 1552 | |
|---|---|
| 1557 | |
| 1578 | |
| 1608 | |
| 1640 | |
| 1685 | |
| 1717 |
Timeline
| Category | |
|---|---|
| Element |
| Year | Roman Empire |
|---|---|
| 1552 |
Birth of Rudolf II (Period: July 18, 1552, Location: Vienna)
|
| 1557 |
Birth of Matthias (Period: February 24, 1557, Location: Vienna)
|
| 1568 | |
| 1572 |
Coronation as King of Hungary (Rudolf II)
|
| 1575 |
Election and Coronation as King of Bohemia and King of the Romans (Rudolf II)
|
| 1576 |
Accession as Holy Roman Emperor (Rudolf II)
|
| 1578 |
Appointment as Governor of the Netherlands (Matthias)
Assignment to the Netherlands (Matthias)
Birth of Ferdinand II (Period: July 9, 1578, Location: Graz)
|
| 1579 |
Union of Utrecht and Policy of Religious Tolerance
|
| 1580 |
Large-Scale Collection of Artworks and Curiosities (Rudolf II)
|
| 1583 |
Relocation of Rudolf II's Court to Prague
Relocation of the Court to Prague
|
| 1590 |
Invitation of Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler (Rudolf II)
Education by the Jesuits (Ferdinand II)
|
| 1593 |
Long Turkish War
|
| 1595 |
Establishment of Position as Successor in the Austrian Habsburg Lands (Matthias)
|
| 1596 |
Assumption of Real Power in Inner Austria (Ferdinand II)
Command in the War Against the Ottoman Empire (Ferdinand II)
|
| 1598 |
Beginning of the Counter-Reformation in Inner Austria
|
| 1600 |
Beginning of Conflict Among the Habsburg Brothers
Marriage (Ferdinand II, Maria Anna of Bavaria)
Anti-Rudolf Alliance Within the House of Habsburg
|
| 1604 |
Bocskai Uprising
Decline of Political Authority After the Bocskai Uprising
|
| 1606 |
Brotherly Conflict Between Rudolf II and Matthias
Peace Negotiations in Hungary
Participation in the Fraternal Conflict (Ferdinand II)
Peace of Vienna
Conclusion of the Treaty of Zsitvatorok
|
| 1607 |
Incident of Don Julius Caesar
|
| 1608 |
Transfer of Control from Rudolf II (Matthias)
Accession as King of Hungary and Croatia (Matthias)
Birth of Ferdinand Ernst (Period: July 13, 1608, Location: Graz)
|
| 1609 |
Recognition of Religious Freedom in Bohemia via Letter of Majesty
Issuance of the Letter of Majesty
|
| 1611 |
Invasion of Archduke Leopold's Army into Prague
Loss of the Bohemian Crown (Rudolf II)
Succession to the Bohemian Throne (Matthias)
Accession as King of Bohemia (Matthias)
Marriage (Matthias, Anna of Tyrol)
|
| 1612 |
Relocation of the Court from Prague to Vienna
Death of Rudolf II
Election and Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor (Matthias)
|
| 1615 |
Gradisca War
|
| 1617 |
Election to the Bohemian Throne (Ferdinand II)
|
| 1618 |
Outbreak of the Bohemian Revolt
Bohemian Revolt and the Defenestration of Prague
Defenestration of Prague
Accession as King of Hungary (Ferdinand II)
|
| 1619 |
Death of Matthias
Temporary Loss of the Bohemian Throne (Ferdinand II)
Election and Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand II)
|
| 1620 |
Victory of the Imperial Army in the Thirty Years' War
Battle of White Mountain
|
| 1621 |
Succession to the Archduchy of Austria
|
| 1622 |
Marriage (Ferdinand II, Eleonora Gonzaga)
|
| 1627 |
Coronation as King of Bohemia
|
| 1628 |
War of the Mantuan Succession
|
| 1629 |
Issuance of the Edict of Restitution
|
| 1630 |
Dismissal of Wallenstein
Response to Swedish Military Intervention
|
| 1631 |
Marriage (Ferdinand Ernst, Maria Anna of Spain)
|
| 1634 |
Victory at Nördlingen as Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Army
Appointment as Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Army (Ferdinand Ernst)
Battle of Nördlingen
|
| 1635 |
Franco-Spanish War
Reconciliation Within the Empire via the Peace of Prague
Peace of Prague
Conclusion of the Peace of Prague
|
| 1636 |
Election of Ferdinand III as King of the Romans
|
| 1637 |
Death of Ferdinand II
|
| 1640 |
Birth of Leopold I (Period: June 9, 1640, Location: Vienna (present-day Austria))
Birth of Leopold I (Period: June 9, 1640, Location: Vienna)
|
| 1643 |
Peace Negotiations of Westphalia
|
| 1648 |
Establishment of the Peace of Westphalia
Marriage (Ferdinand Ernst, Maria Leopoldine of Austria)
Peace of Westphalia
|
| 1649 |
Nuremberg Executive Congress
Post-War Imperial Administrative Reforms
|
| 1651 |
Marriage (Ferdinand Ernst, Eleonora Magdalena Gonzaga-Nevers)
|
| 1653 |
Imperial Diet of Regensburg
|
| 1655 |
Second Northern War
Coronation as King of Hungary (Rudolf von Habsburg)
|
| 1656 |
Military Support to Spain
Coronation as King of Bohemia (Maximilian von Habsburg)
|
| 1657 |
Death of Ferdinand Ernst
|
| 1658 |
Election and Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor (Leopold I)
|
| 1660 |
Wesselényi Conspiracy
|
| 1663 |
Ottoman–Habsburg Wars
Perpetual Diet of Regensburg
|
| 1666 |
Marriage (Leopold I, Margaret Theresa of Spain)
|
| 1670 |
Expulsion of the Jewish Community from Vienna
|
| 1672 |
Franco-Dutch War
|
| 1673 |
Marriage (Leopold I, Claudia Felicitas of Austria)
|
| 1676 |
Marriage (Leopold I, Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg)
|
| 1683 |
Great Turkish War
Siege of Vienna
Relief of Vienna and Defeat of the Ottoman Army
|
| 1685 |
Birth of Charles VI (Period: October 1, 1685, Location: Vienna (present-day Austria))
|
| 1687 |
Change in the Succession System of the Hungarian Throne
|
| 1688 |
Nine Years' War
|
| 1690 |
Granting of Autonomy Privileges to Serbians
|
| 1692 |
Creation of the Electorate of Hanover
|
| 1699 |
Treaty of Karlowitz
|
| 1700 |
Recognition of the Title of King in Prussia (Leopold I)
Succession to the Claim of the Spanish Throne (Charles VI)
|
| 1701 | |
| 1703 |
Transfer of the Claim to the Spanish Throne to Charles
Proclamation of Title as King Charles III of Spain
|
| 1704 |
Spanish Campaign (Charles VI)
|
| 1705 |
Stay in Barcelona and Governance of Catalonia
Death of Leopold I
|
| 1708 |
Marriage (Charles VI, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel)
|
| 1713 |
Acquisition of International Recognition for the Pragmatic Sanction
|
| 1716 |
Austro-Turkish War
|
| 1717 |
Birth of Maria Theresa (Period: May 13, 1717, Location: Vienna (present-day Austria))
|
| 1718 |
War of the Quadruple Alliance
Territorial Expansion via the Treaty of Passarowitz
|
| 1722 |
Establishment of the Ostend Company
Approval of the Pragmatic Sanction by the Hungarian Diet
Charter of the Ostend Company
|
| 1733 |
War of the Polish Succession
|
| 1736 |
Marriage to Francis Stephen
Marriage (Maria Theresa, Francis Stephen of Lorraine)
|
| 1737 |
Austro-Russian-Turkish War
|
| 1739 |
Treaty of Belgrade
|
| 1740 |
War of the Austrian Succession
Military and Administrative Reforms (Maria Theresa)
Death of Charles VI
Extinction of the Male Line of the House of Habsburg
Succession to the Habsburg Monarchy (Maria Theresa)
|
| 1741 |
Coronation as Queen of Hungary (Maria Theresa)
Securing Support at the Hungarian Diet
|
| 1745 |
Status as Holy Roman Empress (Maria Theresa)
|
| 1756 |
Seven Years' War
Diplomatic Revolution
|
| 1765 |
Co-regency with Joseph II
|
| 1770 |
Educational Reforms (Maria Theresa)
|
| 1772 |
First Partition of Poland
Acquisition of Galicia and Lodomeria
|
| 1778 |
War of the Bavarian Succession
|
| 1779 |
Treaty of Teschen
|
| 1780 |
Death of Maria Theresa
|
| Unknown |
Activities as a Musician and Composer (Ferdinand Ernst, Period: First half of the 17th century–1657, Location: Vienna, Prague, etc.)
Marriage (Rudolf II, None, Period: Unmarried Throughout Life, Location: Not Applicable)
|
Map
| Category | |
|---|---|
| Element |
Europe
World
Related Links
| Group | List |
|---|---|
| Central Europe | Roman Empire Habsburg Family Science and Astronomy Music & Art |
| Western Europe | East India Company Expansion into North America Science and Astronomy Arts and Culture |
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