Daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Princess Isabella of Portugal. She married Maximilian II and served as Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Bohemia, and Queen of Hungary from 1564 to 1576. She served as Regent of Spain alongside her husband Maximilian from 1548 to 1551, and again during the absence of her brother Philip II from 1558 to 1561. A devout Catholic, her views on religious matters sometimes differed from those of her husband, who pursued religiously tolerant policies. After her husband's death, she exerted influence over her sons Rudolf II and Matthias, and after returning to Spain in 1582, she lived at the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales in Madrid. She is also known as a patron of the composer Tomás Luis de Victoria.

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