Spanning the 14th to 17th centuries, the European Renaissance marked a pivotal transition from the Middle Ages to modernity. Flourishing in Italy and spreading across Europe, this cultural movement reawakened interest in classical antiquity, humanism, and scientific inquiry. It produced groundbreaking achievements in art, science, and literature through visionaries like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Gutenberg, whose printing press revolutionized the spread of knowledge.

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