German Marxist theorist, socialist and communist activist, and women's rights advocate. She led the female workers' movement within the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and edited the women's newspaper Die Gleichheit from 1891 to 1917. Linking women's suffrage and working women's rights to the socialist movement, she became one of the central figures who proposed the establishment of International Women's Day at the International Socialist Women's Conference in 1910. Opposed to World War I, she grew close to Rosa Luxemburg and others through wartime anti-war activities and participated in the formation of the Spartacus League. She joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1919 and served as a member of parliament from 1920 to 1933. In her later years, she called for a united front against fascism and emigrated to the Soviet Union after the Nazi regime came to power.

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