An American expert on foreign and security policy, scholar, and government official. He served as Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (National Security Advisor) under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Deeply involved in major Cold War foreign policy decisions, including the Cuban Missile Crisis and the escalation of the Vietnam War, he is known as a key architect of expanding U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Later, as president of the Ford Foundation, he also influenced education and social policy.

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