Abdul Hamid II

Promulgating Asia's first modern constitution in 1876, Abdul Hamid II soon suspended parliamentary rule following the Russo-Turkish War, establishing over three decades of autocratic governance. He built extensive railway networks, telegraph lines, and educational institutions while maintaining strict information control through an elaborate intelligence network. Facing intense European pressure and rising domestic nationalism, he was eventually forced to restore the constitution by the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 and was deposed the following year.

Timeline

Category
Element

Year	Abdul Hamid II
1842	Birth of Abdul Hamid II (Period: September 21, 1842, Location: Istanbul, Turkey (then Constantinople))
1863	Marriage (Abdülhamid II, Nazikeda Kadın, Age: 20 years old, Period: 1863, Location: Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace)
1868	Marriage (Abdülhamid II, Safinaz Nurefsun Kadın, Age: 26 years old, Period: October 1868, Location: Istanbul) Marriage (Abdülhamid II, Bedrifelek Kadın, Age: 26 years old, Period: November 15, 1868, Location: Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace)
1875	Marriage (Abdülhamid II, Bidar Kadın, Age: 32 years old, Period: Recorded in some sources as c. 1875, Location: Istanbul)
1876	Expansion of the Education System (Abdülhamid II, Age: 33 years old, Period: 1876–1909, Location: Istanbul and Various Parts of the Ottoman Empire) Accession of Abdülhamid II (Age: 33 years old, Period: August 31, 1876, Location: Istanbul) Promulgation of the Ottoman Constitution (Age: 34 years old, Period: December 23, 1876, Location: Istanbul)
1877	Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878, Age: 34 years old, Period: 1877–1878. Escalated after the deposition of Murad V., Location: Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria, Caucasus region, around the Black Sea) Opening of the First Ottoman Parliament (Age: 34 years old, Period: March 19, 1877, Location: Istanbul)
1878	Centralization and Expansion of Information Surveillance (Age: 35 years old, Period: 1878–1908, Location: Istanbul and Various Parts of the Ottoman Empire) Suspension of Parliament and Strengthening of Autocracy (Age: 35 years old, Period: From February 13, 1878 onwards, Location: Istanbul) Suspension of the First Constitutional Era (Age: 35 years old, Period: From February 13, 1878 onwards, Location: Istanbul) Congress of Berlin and Treaty of Berlin (Age: 35 years old, Period: June–July 1878, Location: Germany, Berlin)
1886	Marriage (Abdülhamid II, Müşfika Kadın, Age: 43 years old, Period: 1886, Location: Istanbul)
1894	Hamidian Massacres (Age: 51 years old, Period: 1894–1896, Location: Eastern Anatolia, Istanbul, and Various Parts of the Ottoman Empire) Marriage (Abdülhamid II, Peyveste Hanım, Age: 51 years old, Period: Recorded in some sources as c. 1894, Location: Istanbul)
1896	Marriage (Abdülhamid II, Pesend Hanım, Age: 53 years old, Period: Recorded in some sources as c. 1896, Location: Istanbul) Ottoman Bank Takeover (Age: 53 years old, Period: August 26, 1896, Location: Istanbul)
1897	Greco-Turkish War (Age: 54 years old, Period: 1897, Location: Thessaly, Epirus, Crete Region)
1900	Construction of the Hejaz Railway (Age: 57 years old, Period: 1900–1908, Location: From Damascus to Medina (Present-day Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, etc.))
1903	Baghdad Railway Project (Age: 60 years old, Period: From 1903 onwards, Location: Anatolia to Baghdad Direction (Present-day Turkey, Syria Surroundings, Iraq))
1904	Marriage (Abdülhamid II, Saliha Naciye Kadın, Age: 61 years old, Period: 1904, Location: Istanbul)
1908	Young Turk Revolution (Age: 65 years old, Period: July 1908, Location: Macedonia Region, Salonica (Present-day Thessaloniki, Greece), Istanbul)
1909	Transfer to Salonica and Later Years (Age: 66 years old, Period: 1909–1912, Location: Salonica (Present-day Thessaloniki, Greece)) 1909 Countercoup and Deposition of the Sultan (Age: 66 years old, Period: April 13–27, 1909 (Known as the 31 March Incident in the Ottoman calendar), Location: Istanbul) Abdication of Abdülhamid II (Age: 66 years old, Period: April 27, 1909, Location: Istanbul)
1914	First World War (Age: 71 years old, Period: 1914–1918, Location: Caucasus, Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, Palestine, Macedonia, etc.)
1918	Death of Abdul Hamid II (Age: 75 years old, Period: February 10, 1918, Location: Istanbul, Turkey)

Map

Category
Element

Asia World

Group	List
The Ottoman Court	Mustafa III Abdul Hamid I Selim III Mustafa IV Mahmud II Abdulmejid I Abdulaziz Murad V Abdul Hamid II Mehmed V
Iranian religious movement	The Bab Baha'u'llah Subh-i-Azal 'Abdu'l-Baha Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Mirza Malkam Khan
Zionist movement	Theodor Herzl Leon Pinsker Max Nordau Edmond James de Rothschild Ahad Ha'am Eliezer Ben-Yehuda Nahum Sokolow

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Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II

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